A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge about the Prevention and Management of Constipation among the Mothers of Infants in Alur Village, Hassan(Karnataka).
1Asst. Professor cum Head of Department, Child Health Nursing, Manikaka Topawala Institute of Nursing
2Asst. Professor- KGN College of Nursing-Jhalawar(Rajasthan)
*Corresponding Author Email: vipinvageriya.nur@charusat.ac.in, vipin_4u51@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Infants are the age group between birth to1 year. Constipation is very common alignment in feeding problems. Every child has suffered with constipation. infancy period of the constipation is common problem . Constipation is defined as the difficulty in passing stool or longer than a normal time between the bowel movements.
OBJECTIVES: 1. Assess the pre test and post test level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of constipation among the mothers of infant (birth-1year). 2. Evaluate the effectiveness and to find association of planned teaching program by comparing the pretest and post test level of knowledge.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research Design-Pre Experiment Research Design With One Group Pre Test And Post Test Design With No Control Group. Setting of Study- The Present Study was Conducted in Alur Village of Hassan District In Karnataka. Target Population- The Target Population Of The Present Study Includes The Mothers Of Infant In Selected Community Areas Such As Alur At Hassan District. Sample Size-
Sixty Mothers of Infant those fulfilled the inclusion And exclusion criteria. Sampling Technique- In This Study, The Non-Probability Convenient Sampling was used. RESULTS: Over all pre test knowledge mean 6.95 SD 2.32 and mean percentage is 23.16%. Over all post test knowledge mean 22.05 SD 2.31and mean percentage is 73.50%. The paired t test value is 56.1. It shows that there is significant increase in the knowledge after the planned teaching program at the level of p<0.001. The net Effectiveness PTP 50.34%of knowledge about the prevention and management of infant constipation. The chi-square value test shows that there is no significance association between socio demographic variables and knowledge. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The Findings of the study recommended the further interventional approaches regarding the prevention and management of infant constipation. Special health education campaign related to the Prevention and management of infant constipation are required. Nurses and other health workers should creates awareness among people and promote health Brest feeding practices to relieve constipation. The present study proved that planned teaching program was effective among the mothers to increase Knowledge about the Prevention and management of infant constipation.
KEYWORDS: Management of Constipation, Mothers of Infants.
INTRODUCTION:
Infants are the age group between birth-1 years. Constipation is very common alignment in feeding problems. Every child has suffered with constipation sometimes our rapidly changing living standards shifting on to the constipation and in the infancy period of the constipation is a special problem. Constipation is a condition in which a child has fewer than two bowel movements a week, or hard, dry, and small bowel movements that are painful or difficult to pass. Infant constipation manifested with straining or pain at passing the stool, feeling of incomplete bowel emptying, hard and dry stool , baby cry severely because of colicky pain, bloating – excessive gas in the gut; Coated tongue, offensive breath, , loss of appetite and loss of weight. The infant constipation can be managed by
Ø Try a Bath or Baby Massage
NEED FOR THE STUDY:
The constipation is a common problem throughout the world. It occurs in about 0.3% to 28% of children worldwide. Most childhood constipation results from intentional withholding of stool following a painful experience with defecation. Thus, an extensive evaluation is often not necessary in a child presenting with constipation.8
OBJECTIVES:
1. Assess the pre test level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of constipation among the mothers of infant (birth-1year).
2. Assess the Post test level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of constipation among the mothers of infant (birth-1year).
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program by comparing the pretest and post test level of knowledge.
4. Associate the pre test level of Knowledge regarding the prevention and management of constipation with selected socio demographic variables.
HYPOTHESIS:
H1:
There will be significant increase in the knowledge regarding Prevention and management of constipation after the planned teaching program.
RESEARCH DESIGN:
Pre experiment research design with one group pre test and post test design with no control group.
SETTING OF THE STUDY:
The present study was conducted in Alur village of Hassan district in Karnataka.
Target Population:
The target population of the present study includes the mothers of infant in selected community areas such as Alur at Hassan district.
Sample Size:
Sixty mothers of infant who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
In this study, the non-probability convenient sampling was used.
Criteria for the selection of the sample:
Inclusion Criteria:
· Mothers were willing to participate in the study.
· All the mothers of infant Residing in Alur Village.
· Mothers of infants who are available at the time data collection
· Mothers of infants who can read and write either Kannada.
Development of the tool:
Description of the tool:
The data was collected by using the structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding the prevention and management of infant constipation. The tool consists of 2 sections. They are as follows:
Section-A:
Consist of demographic data such as sample no. age in years, educational status of the mother, occupation, type of work, types of family, religion, no of children, occupation of parents, source of information and previous experience related to infant constipation.
Section-B:
This section consists of 30 questions to assess the knowledge of prevention and management of infant constipation. For each correct response score ‘1’ was given and for the incorrect response ‘0’ score was given. The scoring interpretation of the level of knowledge and practice as follows.
|
Score |
Level of knowledge |
|
<50% 51-75% >76% |
In adequate Adequate Excellent |
ETHICAL ISSUES:
· Permission was obtained from the concerned authority
· Written informed concern was obtained from all participants of the study after explaining the purpose and other details.
· The subjects were asked to maintain confidentiality of the data obtained and about and proceeding of the educational program.
· The subjects were informed that their participation was voluntary, had the freedom to dropout the training program at any time.
SECTION 1:
Table- 1– Distribution of mothers according to socio demographic variables by frequency and percentage N=60
|
Sociodemographic Variables |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
1. Age of mothers |
|
|
|
a) 18 - 25years |
25 |
41.66% |
|
b) 26 - 35 years |
31 |
51.66% |
|
c) 35- 45 years |
4 |
6.67% |
|
d) 45 years and above. |
|
|
|
2. Religion: |
|
|
|
a) Hindu, |
30 |
50% |
|
b) Muslim, |
17 |
28.33% |
|
c) Christian |
13 |
21.66% |
|
3. Family Income per month |
|
|
|
a) >Rs. 5000 |
29 |
48.33% |
|
b) Rs.5000- Rs.10000 |
21 |
35% |
|
c) Rs.10000< |
10 |
16.70% |
|
4. Type of Family |
|
|
|
a) Nuclear family |
37 |
61.70% |
|
b) Joint family |
23 |
38.30% |
|
5. Educational status |
|
|
|
a) Primary education |
12 |
20% |
|
b) Secondary education |
10 |
16.70% |
|
c) Higher education |
6 |
10% |
|
d) Graduates |
7 |
11.70% |
|
e) No formal Education |
25 |
41.70% |
|
6. Source of information |
|
|
|
a) Friends and relatives |
9 |
15% |
|
b) Health professionals |
19 |
31.70% |
|
c) ANM and VHN |
14 |
23.30% |
|
d) Mass media. |
18 |
30% |
|
7)Number of children |
|
|
|
a) 1 |
25 |
41.70% |
|
b) 2 |
33 |
55.00% |
|
c) 3 and above |
2 |
3.30% |
|
8)Occupation of the parents |
|
|
|
a) Health service workers. |
5 |
8.33% |
|
b) non health workers |
55 |
91.70% |
|
9)past history of infant constipation |
|
|
|
Yes |
42 |
70% |
|
No |
18 |
30% |
OBJECTIVES: 1
Assess the pre test level of knowledge about the prevention and management of infant constipation among the mothers.
Table-2 Distribution of pre test knowledge on Prevention and management of infant constipation N=60
|
Various aspects of knowledge |
Mean |
SD |
Percentage |
|
Meaning and signs and symptoms |
2.41 |
1.27 |
48.20% |
|
Causes and Mechanism of constipation |
2.36 |
0.9 |
25.50% |
|
Prevention of infant constipation |
0.31 |
0.53 |
7.90% |
|
Management of infant constipation |
1.83 |
1.12 |
15.25% |
|
Over all pre test knowledge |
6.95 |
2.32 |
23.16% |
Figure (1) Bar diagram showing the pre test mean percentage of knowledge in three aspects of Prevention and management of infant constipation.
OBJECTIVES:2
Assess the Post test level of knowledge about the prevention and management of infant constipation among the mothers.
Table- 3 Distribution of post test level of knowledge on Prevention and management of infant constipation among the mothers. N=60
|
Various aspects of knowledge |
Mean |
SD |
Percentage |
|
Meaning and signs and symptoms |
4.48 |
0.89 |
88% |
|
Causes and Mechanism of constipation |
6.01 |
1.09 |
66.77% |
|
Prevention of infant constipation |
2.98 |
0.83 |
74.50% |
|
Management of infant constipation |
8.65 |
1.8 |
72.08% |
|
Over all post test Knowledge |
22.05 |
2.31 |
73.50% |
Figure (2) Bar Diagram shows the post test mean percentage of knowledge
OBJECTIVES:3
Evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program by comparing the pre test and post test level of knowledge.
Table- 4 Distribution of effectiveness of comparing the pre test and post test knowledge by area wise. N=60
|
|
Pre test |
|
Post test |
|
Paired t test |
|
Various aspects of knowledge |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
|
|
Meaning and signs and symptoms |
2.41 |
1.27 |
4.48 |
0.89 |
T=4.78 P<0.01 S* |
|
Causes and Mechanism of constipation |
2.36 |
0.9 |
6.016667 |
1.09 |
T=7.66 P<0.01 S* |
|
Prevention of infant constipation |
0.31 |
0.53 |
2.98 |
0.83 |
T=2.35 P<0.01 S* |
|
Management of infant constipation |
1.83 |
1.12 |
8.65 |
1.8 |
T=4.8 P<0.01 S* |
Table- 4 shows that comparing the knowledge mean, SD, mean percentage and between the pre test and post test area wise. In the pre-test, Meaning and signs and symptoms related knowledge mean is 2.41,SD= 1.27,Causes and Mechanism of constipation related knowledge mean is 2.36, SD= 0.9, Prevention of infant constipation related knowledge mean is 0.31, SD= 0.53 Management of infant constipation 1.83, SD=1.12 .In the post -test, Meaning and signs and symptoms related knowledge mean is 4.48, SD= 0.83 Causes and Mechanism of constipation related knowledge mean is 6.01,SD= 1.09 , Prevention of infant constipation related knowledge mean is 2.98, SD= 0.,Management of infant constipation 8.65, SD= 1.8
Table- 5 Distribution of effectiveness of comparing over all pre test and post test knowledge. N=60
|
|
Pre test |
Post test |
Percentage of Effectiveness |
Paired -Test value |
P-value |
||||
|
Mean |
SD |
Percentage |
Mean |
SD |
Percentage |
||||
|
Knowledge |
6.95 |
2.32 |
23.16% |
22.05 |
2.31 |
73.05% |
50.34% |
56.1 S*** |
P=0.0001 |
* **-Significance P < 0.001
Table- 5 shows that the paired t test Over all knowledge mean of the pretest score is 6.95 with SD of 2.32 and mean percentage 23.16% .After the intervention the overall post test mean Score is 22.05and SD is 2.31 and mean percentage is 73.05% . The paired t test value is 56.1.It shows that there is significant increase in the knowledge after the Planned teaching program at the level of p<0.001. The net Effectiveness on knowledge of Planned teaching program is 50.34%. From the above results according to the third objectives, the Pre test and post test mean of knowledge compared. The paired‘t’ value obtained is 56.1(P < 0.001) .It is clearly states that the planned teaching program is effective to increase the knowledge on Prevention and management of infant constipation among the mothers.
Figure(3) Cylindrical Diagram showing the distribution in the overall pre test and post test knowledge.
Figure (4) Cone Diagram Showing the Effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge about the Prevention and management of infant constipation.
SECTION 3:
Table- -6 Associate the selected Socio demographic Variables with the level of knowledge on Prevention and management of infant constipation N=60
|
Sociodemographic Variables |
Adequate |
Mod. adequate |
Chi square value |
|
1. Age: |
|
|
|
|
a) 18 - 25years |
8 |
17 |
χ2 =3.3 P=0.4 NS
|
|
b) 26 - 35 years |
14 |
16 |
|
|
c) 35- 45 years |
3 |
1 |
|
|
d) 45 years and above. |
|
|
|
|
2. Religion: |
|
|
χ2 0.476 P=0.78 NS |
|
a) Hindu, |
5 |
25 |
|
|
b) Muslim, |
16 |
1 |
|
|
c) Christian |
4 |
9 |
|
|
3. Family Income per month |
|
|
χ2 =2.37 P=0.3 NS |
|
a) >Rs. 5000 |
15 |
14 |
|
|
b) Rs.5000- Rs.10000 |
7 |
14 |
|
|
c) Rs.10000< |
3 |
7 |
|
|
4. Type of Family |
|
|
χ2 =0.5 P=0.8 NS |
|
a) Nuclear family |
15 |
22 |
|
|
b) Joint family |
10 |
13 |
|
|
5. Educational status |
|
|
χ2 =1.01 P=0.907 NS
|
|
a) Primary education |
5 |
7 |
|
|
b) Secondary education |
5 |
5 |
|
|
c) Higher education |
2 |
4 |
|
|
d) Graduates |
2 |
5 |
|
|
e) No formal Education |
11 |
14 |
|
|
6. Source of information |
|
|
χ2 =1.18 P=0.09 NS
|
|
a) Friends and relatives |
8 |
1 |
|
|
b) Health professionals |
7 |
12 |
|
|
c) ANM and VHN |
6 |
8 |
|
|
d) Mass media. |
4 |
14 |
|
|
7)Number of children |
|
|
χ2 =2.9 P=0.235 NS |
|
a) 1 |
13 |
12 |
|
|
b) 2 |
10 |
23 |
|
|
c) 3 and above |
2 |
0 |
|
|
8)Occupation of the parents |
|
|
χ2 =0.75 P=0.4 NS |
|
a) Health service workers. |
3 |
2 |
|
|
b) non health workers |
22 |
33 |
|
|
9)past history of infant constipation |
|
|
χ2 =2.04 P=0.15 NS |
|
Yes |
15 |
27 |
|
|
No |
10 |
8 |
* -Significance P < 0.05 NS – No Significance
Table- 6 shows that the association between the level of knowledge and socio demographic variable The chi-square value shows that there is no significance association between age of mothers, religion , family income per month, type of family ,educational status, number of children ,occupation ,past history and source of information about the infant constipation (P > 0.05).
· Over all pre test knowledge mean 6.95 SD 2.32 and mean percentage is 23.16%.
· Over all post test knowledge mean 22.05 SD 2.31and mean percentage is 73.50%.
· The paired t test value is 56.1. It shows that there is significant increase in the knowledge after the planned teaching program at the level of p<0.001.
· The net Effectiveness PTP 50.34%of knowledge about the prevention and management of infant constipation.
· The chi-square value test shows that there is no significance association between socio demographic variables and knowledge
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
The Findings of the study recommended the further interventional approaches regarding the prevention and management of infant constipation. Special health education campaign related to the Prevention and management of infant constipation creates awareness, minimizes gastro intestinal complaints in infancy although promote the breast feeding. The present study proved that planned teaching program was effective among the mothers to increase Knowledge about the Prevention and management of infant constipation.
REFERENCE:
1. Baker. S. S et al. Constipation in infants and children evaluation and treatment. Journal of gastro enter logy Nutrition 1999; 29:612.
2. Infant constipation treatment.February 13, 2009 by admin Filed under Infant constipation www.google.com
3. Johnson. E. Childhood .Journal of American board of family practioner 2003; 16:213
4. Johnson. E. Childhood .Journal of American board of family practioner 2003; 16:213.
5. Loening-Baucke. V. Prevalence, symptoms and outcome of the constipation in infants and toddlers. Journal pediatrics 2005; 146:35
Received on 03.06.2016 Modified on 15.06.2016
Accepted on 29.06.2016 © A&V Publications all right reserved
Asian J. Nur. Edu. and Research.2017; 7(2): 158-162.
DOI: 10.5958/2349-2996.2017.00032.5