Effectiveness of child to child approach through role play regarding prevention of accidents among children.

 

Anitha. P

Rohilkhand College of Nursing, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: children are more prone to get an accident because of their curiosity, interest to learn new skills, imitate others and all the above they have limited capacity to perceive the environment, lack of experience. Hence the study was conducted with the aim to teach the children about prevention of accident through role play and see the effectiveness. Methods: Pre experimental, one group pre-test post-test design was chosen to conduct a study at a selected area with 60 samples. Child to child approach is used in this study, through role play children were given knowledge regarding how to prevent accident how to practice it in life. Result: the result reveals that in relation to knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident the mean, SD and t value was 2.85.1.74 and 12.54. In relation to practice regarding basics of prevention of accident the mean, SD and t value was 5.78, 2.89 and 15.31. This study value shows there is an effectiveness of child to child approach through role play on prevention of accidents in children. Conclusion: the present study conclude that children are more prone to get accidents so need to educate them and child to child approach role play is one of the best choice to educate them.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Accidents are the most frequent cause of mortality and morbidity in children. Children are more prone to get an accident because of their curiosity, interest to learn new skills, imitate others and all the above they have limited capacity to perceive the environment and lack of experience.

 

Most of accidents happens at home and the most serious accidents happen in the kitchen. The common accidents at home are falls, fires and burns, suffocation, drowning, choking, poisoning and cuts and lacerations.¹

 

Accidents are the cause of handicap in children. Due to road traffic accident, falls, child abuse are major cause of handicap in children. Because of drowning or suffocation incidents it may damage the brain and leads to handicap. Others accidents like burns, scalds, RTA damages the physique the children may go for physical handicap and it disturb the mental health also. ²

 

Globally, every year about 950,000 children under 18 years of age die due to injury and violence. Nearly 90% of these deaths were due to unintentional injuries³ Children between 0 and 14 years shares one-third of the total population in India.⁴ Mortality due to injuries was 8.2% among children aged under 14 years and injuries are the second leading cause of death among children between 5 and 14 years of age. ⁵ Injuries in any form results in physical, psychological, social, and economic impact. Disability occurring in early years of life affects an individual's quality of life due to its impact on various domains such as self-care, mobility, daily activities, psychological effects, and social participation. ^{6 .}Studies from different countries have reported that the rate of occurrence of unintentional injuries is high in rural area compared to urban area and the rate of health-care utilization is also less in rural area.Occurrence of injuries among children is more important than adults because of the lifelong impact of disability in the child, impact on the family, and high health-care cost. And also, children are not aware of the risk and consequences of the injuries.

 

Prevention of accidents in children is the high priority. So researcher felt that need to educate children regarding prevention of accidents and reduce the mortality and morbidity rate. Moreover child to child approach role play is the best method to convey the message.

 

METHOD:

Pre experimental, one group pre-test post test was conducted with 60 samples who met the inclusion criteria by convenient sampling technique method at selected area after obtaining formal permission from the authority. Explained the study in detail, got assent form from children and got informed consent from parents. Collected demographic variables by interview method and taken pertest also. Questionnaire had two section first one is knowledge related to prevention of accidents, carries 11 questions and second section is practices of prevention of accidents carries 19 questions. Questions were yes or no type questions. For correct answer 1 mark had given, wrong answer o mark had given. Maximum marks is 30 score was interpreted like 21-30 consider has adequate knowledge,11-20 moderate knowledge less than 11 inadequate knowledge. Child to child approach role play regarding prevention of accidents had implemented after one week post test has been conducted. Confidentiality is maintained throughout the procedure. Collected data was analysed by using differential and inferential statistics.

 

RESULT

Table 1: frequency and percentage distribution of subjects according to their demographic variables

S.no	Demographic Variables	Frequency	%
1	Age (In Years)
	a. 7--9	26	43.33
	b. 10 --12	34	56.67
2	Sex
	a. Male	31	51.67
	b. Female	29	48.33
3	Religion
	a. Hindu	28	46.67
	b. Christian	22	36.67
	c. Muslim	10	16.66
4	Economic Status
	a. Lower	18	30.00
	b. Middle	34	56.67
	c. Upper	8	13.33
5	Type of Family
	a. Nuclear family	25	41.67
	b. Joint family	33	55.00
	c. Broken family	2	3.33
6	Type of House
	a. Cemented	31	51.67
	b. Hut	17	28.33
	c. Mud	12	20.00
7	Number of siblings
	a. 1--2	23	38.33
	b. 3--4	25	41.67
	c. 5--6	12	20.00

 

Table 1 reveals that Majority of the children (56%) were in age of 10 – 12 years, male children (51%).they were belongs to middle class family(56%) and living in cemented house(51%).40% of them had 3-4 siblings.

 

Table 2 shows the aspect wise mean knowledge of childhood regarding prevention of accident 57.3% of mean knowledge score was found in questions related knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident, 54% related practice regarding basics of prevention of accidents. Finally the overall mean knowledge score of childhood was 55.3%.

 

Table 2:  Mean, SD and Mean % of knowledge regarding Prevention of Accidents among childhood in pre test                                 n=60

Aspects	Statements	Max Score	Range	Mean	SD	Mean%
Knowledge regarding Basics of prevention of accident	11	11	3--11	6.3	1.99	57.3
Practice regarding Basics of prevention of accident	19	19	5--9	10.3	3.39	54
Overall	30	30	9--30	17	5.12	55.3

 

Table 3: Mean, SD and Mean % regarding Prevention of Accidents among children in post-test.                                                        n=60

Aspects	Statements	Max Score	Range	Mean	SD	Mean%
Knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident	11	11	5--11	9.2	1.4	83
Practice regarding basics of prevention of accident	19	19	11--19	16.1	2.3	84.6
Overall	30	30	16--29	25.2	3.52	84

 

Table 4: Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre and post-test knowledge regarding Prevention of Accidents                         n=60

Aspects	Respondents (%)						Paired ‘t’
	Pre test		Post test		Enhancement		Test
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident	6.3	1.99	9.2	1.4	2.85	1.74	12.54***S
Practices regarding basics of prevention of accident	10.3	3.39	16.1	2.3	5.78	2.89	15.31***S
Overall	17	5.1	25.2	3.52	8.63	4.12	16.07***S

NS= not significant. S= Significant, * p < 0.05 level, ** p < 0.01 level, *** p < 0.001 level.

 

Table 5: To determine the association between pre-test knowledge regarding prevention of accident with the selected demographic variables

S. No	Demographic Variables	Level of Knowledge						Chi square
		Inadequate		Moderate		Adequate
1	Age  (In Years)	No	%	No	%	No	%
	a. 7 --9	14	23.33	7	11.67	5	8.33	7.26
	b. 10 –12	9	15.00	21	35.00	4	6.67	df 2 S*
2	Type of House	NO	%	NO	%	NO	%
	a. Cemented	8	13.33	19	31.67	4	6.67	11.40
	b. Hut	9	15.00	3	5.00	5	8.33	df 4
	c. Mud	6	10.00	6	10.00	0	0.00	S*

 

Table 3 shows the aspect wise mean knowledge of children regarding prevention of accident in post-test.

83% of mean score was found in questions related knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident, 84.6% related practice regarding basics of prevention of accidents. Finally the overall mean knowledge score of childhood was 84%.

 

Table 4, revealed the comparison of mean, SD of variables in the pre and post-test and enhancement mean and SD value. In relation to the pre-test knowledge score of children the mean, SD for knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident was 6.3 (SD = 1.99). In relation to practice regarding basics of prevention of accident, the obtained mean was 10.3, SD was 3.39.

 

In relation to the post-test knowledge score of children the mean, SD for practice regarding basics of prevention of accident was 9.2 (SD = 1.4). In relation to practice regarding basics of prevention of accident, the obtained mean was 16.1,SD was 2.3.

 

In relation to knowledge regarding basics of prevention of accident the mean, SD and paired’ test was 2.85, 1.74 and 12.54. In relation to practice regarding basics of prevention of accident the mean, SD and paired’ test was 5.78, 2.89 and 15.31.

 

Chi square test found that there is significant association between knowledge regarding prevention of accidents with age and type of house.

 

DISCUSSION:

The present study is supported by a similar study conducted by J Korean (2014) on The Effects of a Safety Management Program on Safety Accident-related Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour of Elementary School Students. Result shows that there were statistically significant differences in safety-related knowledge (t=3.010, p=.006) and behaviour (t=18.833, p=.001) between the experimental group and the control group. The score of attitude was different between the experimental group and the control group. They recommended that safety education should be provided systematically for elementary schools over the whole country. ⁷

 

A cross sectional study was conducted by Lafta, R. K., Al-Shatari, S. A., and Abass, S. (2013). On Mothers' knowledge of domestic accident prevention involving children in Baghdad City. Objective of the study to assess the level of knowledge of women with respect to children's domestic accidents, and to determine its association with some demographic factors. The targeted population were women attending the primary health care centres (PHCCs). A random sample of 20 PHCCs was. A well-structured questionnaire was developed that constituted of questions on four main types of accidents involving children (poisoning by chemicals and detergents, electric shock, injuries from sharp instruments in the kitchen, and burns). Total number of women enrolled in this study was 1032 aged from 15–50 years. The results shows that only 9.2% of the mothers acquired a good level of knowledge in prevention of injuries from chemicals and detergents, and more than 90% were found to have poor knowledge. The same was found regarding knowledge about preventing electrical accidents caused by power sockets and electrical appliances where only 10.2% of the mothers were found to have a good level of knowledge. The results were not much better regarding accidents caused by fire, only 11.6% of the mothers scored well. With respect to dealing with accidents caused by sharp instruments in the kitchen, only 6.3% of the mothers obtained a score that indicated a good level of knowledge. They have concluded that that women in Baghdad are poorly educated about how to protect their children against domestic accidents. ⁸

 

An interventional study conducted by Silva, E. C., Fernandes, M. N., Sá, M. C., Mota de Souza, L., Gordon, A. S., Costa, A. C., Vieira, N. F. (2016) on The Effect of Educational Intervention Regarding the Knowledge of Mothers on Prevention of Accidents in Childhood at brazil. The study aim to assess the mother’s knowledge regarding prevention of accidents in childhood pre and post intervention. Quasi-experimental study with 155 mothers, the data were collected through self-report questionnaire method before and after intervention. The results revealed a significant increased level of knowledge about prevention of accidents in childhood in all questions (p<0.05). After the educational intervention, there seemed to be a significant difference with the questions regarding the knowledge on preventing fall (p=0.000), drowning (p=0.000), and intoxication (p=0.007). The researcher concluded that the educational intervention performed in this study increased the subjects’ knowledge on prevention of accidents in childhood.⁹

 

CONCLUSION:

The finding of the study suggest that the child to child approach role play is effective in increasing the children knowledge regarding prevention of accidents in childhood. Since childhood accidents is one of the global health problem so we need to educate each and every child in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate.

 

REFERENCE:

1.         Khan S, Tauheed N, Nawab S, Afzal S et al. Domestic accidents among under-5 year children: a study on the modern day epidemic. Int J Community Med Public Health 2019:6;1529-35.

2.         Kemp, A., and Sibert, J. Childhood accidents: epidemiology, trends, and prevention. Journal of accident and emergency medicine1997:14(5); 316–320.

3.         Sackitey GL .Knowledge, Attitude and Perception on Prevention of Home Accidents. J Health Educ Res Dev.2018: 6; 242.

4.         World Health Organization, UNICEF. World Report on Child Injury Prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http://www.apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43851/1/9789241563574_eng.pdf. 

5.         Children in India - A Statistical Appraisal. Social Statistics Division, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. New Delhi: Government of India; 2012. 

6.         Gururaj G. Injuries in India: A National Perspective. In: Burden of Disease in India. National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. New Delhi: Government of India; 2005. p. 325-47. 

7.         J Korean .Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010: Jun 21(2); 220-228.

8.         Lafta, R. K., Al-Shatari, S. A., and Abass, S. Mothers' knowledge of domestic accident prevention involving children in Baghdad City. Qatar medical journal: 2013(2); 50–56.

9.         Silva, E. C., Fernandes, M. N., Sá, M. C et al. The Effect of Educational Intervention Regarding the Knowledge of Mothers on Prevention of Accidents in Childhood. The open nursing journal: 10; 113–121.

 

Received on 21.12.2019        Modified on 14.01.2020

Accepted on 10.02.2020      ©A&V Publications All right reserved