Post Covid-19 Women Complications

 

Ajay I. Patel, Anju Yadav*, Ashok B Patel, Amitkumar J. Vyas

Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance,

B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy Collage, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003.

*Corresponding Author Email: poojakhunti766@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

Post-covid-19 women complications, Post covid-19 is Clinical symptoms that persist or worsen after acute COVID It is contains both ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 between 4 to 12 weeks or post COVID-19 more than 12 weeks. As of June 2020, given the terminology "post COVID-19". Reported studies are related to complications of the female patient, including effects on the immune system, physiology, or psychological health, and effects on pre-existing diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and tuberculosis (TB). However, six months after recovery from COVID-19, complications arise, including cough, fever, breathlessness, muscle aches, joint pain, fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints, anosmia, dyspepsia, sleep difficulties, anxiety or depression, higher stress levels, physical decline, post-activity polypnea, alopecia, chest tightness, palpitations, intestinal blockages, impaired respiratory functions, neurological issues, olfactory dysfunction, cognition, dexterity, conversation, disabilities of sight, or listening. Along with other miscellaneous complications such as Miller-Fisher syndrome. Overall, these reviews summarise studies conducted on pre-existing diseases in female patients after COVID-19, complications in female patients with immune dysfunction, including hormonal imbalances, and CSF-insufficiency in female patients with neurodegeneration complications. It observed high levels of molecular markers such as tau protein (t-tau, p-tau), plasma amyloid-beta (A42), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light chain protein. In Female patients with diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2) complications reported higher levels of sCr, C-reactive protein, TN-I, white blood cell, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels, enzymes, electrolytes, and coagulation factors, and female patients with tuberculosis (TB) complications had lower aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) and E2 hormone levels.

 

KEYWORDS: Covid-19, Post COVID-19, Women, Complications, pre-existing diseases.

 

 


1. INTRODUCTION:

COVID-19 is a communication disease. It is affected by SARS-CoV-2.1,2 On January 30, 2020, India confirmed that the primary incidence of COVID-19 was recorded.3,4 As a consequence of the long-term COVID-19 outbreak from 2019 to 2022, these communicable diseases emerged in Wuhan, China's Hubei province capital, in December 2019 as a prevalent disease.5,6

 

It was recognized at a tiny regional seafood or wild animal marketplace there.7 Corona viruses are enclosed viruses with a 29,000 nucleotide single-stranded positive sense RNA genome.8 Covid-19 is an ssRNA virus that belongs to the Cronavirinae (subfamilies), Coronaviridae, and Nidovirales (families)9 β CoVs was identified in bats, COVID-19, a prevalent disease almost parallel to pre-identified β CoV and differs from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) as well as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV).10 However, human CoVs include β CoVs (CoVHKU1, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV) as well as α CoVs (HCoV229E and HCoV-NL63).11 found that there is a protein in CoVs that is a glycosylated S protein, which was also observed in β CoV.12 It is made up of these 2 subunits: S1protein and S2 protein, both of which have different functions. glycosylated S1 protein identifies the receptor (ACE2), while glycosylated S2 protein procedures the cell membrane fusion.13 Among the studies found, many structural and non-structural biomolecules are produced by the CoV genomes. Structural biomolecules are involved in human invasion, cellular membrane amalgamation, infectious assemble, development, and virus fragment liberation. However, non-structural biomolecules aid viral duplication and translation.14During Post-Covid-19, some  complications associated to pulmonary stiffness, reactive arthritis, heart disease, brain and mental issues, hypercapnia, multisystem dysfunction, and digestive problems, were found.15-17 that female patients related to common complications observed mostly in expectant mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic, including high blood pressure and hyperglycemia, which are prevalent complications, along with the probability of premature birth and perinatal mortality.18 and other complications miscarried fetuses or abortions,derangement of hemostasis resulting  in either excessive bleeding or clotting , anxiety and discomfort.19-21 The only thing usually observed in both women (expactant mother and non-expectant mother) was lung dysfunction, which was the higher typically affected organ during COVID-19.22 Women who are pre-menopausal or post-menopausal have been found to be more likely to have high blood pressure during the COVID-19 epidemic.23

 

2. Post covid-19 complication syndrome in women:

Post COVID-19 is defined as Clinical symptoms that persist or worsen after acute COVID It is contains both ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 between 4 to 12 weeks or post COVID-19  more than 12 weeks.24 As of June 2020, given the terminology "post COVID-19".25 The symptoms of LONG-COVID-19 are actually quite comparable to the symptoms of LONG-SARS-COVID.26 post COVID-19 are categories infection as following basis on the chronic  symptoms : moderate or chronic more than  12 weeks from the initial acute phase and chronic or post-COVID syndrome appear after 12 weeks.27 Recently studies says that after  post COVID-19 common complication symptom are: fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive dysfunction.28 another symptom  myocarditis, hyperthyroidism, delusions, rheumatoid, arrhythmia, and ischemia or Bacterial pneumonia, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion are the most typical pulmonary complications recorded.29,30 Since the post-COVID-19 phase,  women patients may experience severe discomfort due to a combination of lung discomfort, apathy, and suffering with breathing difficulties, drowsiness, or long-term disease require extra care.31


 

Figure 1: post covid-19 complication related to women (Infected expectant mother and Infected non-expectant)



3.
Impact on women immune response during post covid-19:

Female Adaptive immune response T cells produce more IFN-, T-helper (Th) 1 cytokine, than male T cells.32 According to latest report, estrogens suppress the production of TH1 proinflammatory cytokines like IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN, while increasing the production of TH2 anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β.33 Finally, ovarian dysfunction is linked to an increase in Th1 cytokines in women postmenopausal, which causes a decrease in estrogen levels. Ultimately, it induces a Th1/Th2 imbalance in elderly women patients. During post COVID-19.34 Another complication associated with immune response, which was observed to be immune dysfunction and hyper inflammation activation, it was seen in women due to long-term COVID-19.35 and during the various phases of gestation, the expectant mother has a distinctive and variable immunological system. This condition affects hormone status as well as restricted chest functions and increases the risk of lung infection in expectant mothers.36 In the prolonged COVID-19 Phase or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), certain conditions were detected, including revived neurological infections (herpesviruses) under the COVID-19 status, immunological dysfunction, coagulating difficulties, and defective amygdala sensory communication.37 After 3 months of COVID-19 following, we found many patients had increasing levels of interleukin-6 also with cytokines (macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, fibroblast, endothelial cells, granulocytes). Interleukin-6 is responsible for fatigue and sleep disturbances.38

 

4. Epidemic's impact on women's psychological and physiological health:

recently studies have found that there is complicate to mental health of female who are Expectant mothers, postnatal, miscarriage, or facing domestic violence seem to be at a greater risk for psychiatric issues throughout this epidemic39 stress and anxiety were seen in expectant mothers in pandemic conditions, due to which psychological complications were seen like gestational hypertension, depression, enhanced abdominal discomfort, premature delivery, decreased birth weight, and decreased APGAR grade.40 physiological complication, a reduction in menstrual flow rate and period elongation, has been observed in nearly one-fifth of the individuals. In patients, menstrual alterations could be the result of temporary sexual hormonal imbalances affected by ovarian function reduction after recovery.41 Other complications include the immune system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and coagulation, all of which suffer from physiologic alteration in the course of pregnancy. It may also have a favourable or unfavourable impact on long COVID-19 disease.42 In studies, they reported a greater risk of fibrinolytic and thrombotic issues in expectant mothers as compared to normal females during post -COVID-19.43 In expectant mothers who already have acute systemic problems such as hypertension, diabetes, overweight, it could increase the risk of serious sickness during post COVID-19.44 In females, both the psychological and physiological long COVID-19 signs were observed: tiredness, respiratory failure, autonomic dysfunction, ageusia, alopecia, trachea discomfort, indigestion, irregular heartbeats, cough, dizziness, skin irritation, cognitive impairment, visual disorders, vocal difficulties, digestive issues, acute pain, decreasing focus, perplexity, frustration and anger, isolation, uncertainty, stress,  hopelessness, to excesses of repercussions involving suicidal.45,46

 

5. Impact of post covid -19 on women patient with  hypertention:

In post COVID-19, in the lack of meningitic and encephalitic signs, they observed cephalalgia in high blood pressure patients.47 Higher vital signs included serious inflammatory responses, significant structural system damage, pathogenesis, and worsening. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, these symptoms were observed in women with high blood pressure.48 Other complications related to high blood pressure in female patients, increased downregulation immune response in women, increased reticular activating system, anxiety, coagulation, heart problems, lung problems, cardiac arrest, rhabdomyolysis, bleeding.49 recently, they reported that meningitis difficulties were observed in adolescent females with high blood pressure.50 Although sinus node dysfunction in a 70-year-old female with high blood pressure does not correspond to an irregular heartbeat, after COVID-19.51 Some cases of female hypertensive patients have irregular heart rates, with some of the typical symptoms including unsteadiness and confusion.52 and in female patients with earlier increased arterial blood pressure after COVID-19. This could cause exhaustion and insomnia, shortness of breath, and cephalalgy.53 The observed that a middle-aged Egyptian female previously had high blood pressure and a higher body mass index (BMI). Outbreaks of vertigo, sickness, and diarrhea were noticed in these female patients after COVID-19.54

 

6. Impact of post covid-19 on women patient with diabetes-mellitus:

Female hyperglycemic patients may experience enhanced CoV infections, enhanced palpitations, and loss of muscle mass, arterial sclerosis, illnesses, or fatalities. during post-COVID-19.55 and hyperglycemic rise may occur when there is an outbreak of COVID-19 in female diabetic patients.56 Other complications in post COVID-19 hyperglycemic women patients included an increase in all sCr, C - reactive protein, TN-I, white blood cell, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels, enzyme, electrolytes, and coagulation factor. Illness, distress, olfactory dysfunction, drowsiness, hemorrhages and electrolytes imbalance complication are all indirectly and directly affected by the increasing level of count.57,58 After COVID-19, women with diabetic patients have cardiac disorders, overweight, End stage renal disease (ESRD), and lung disorders. These ultimately lead to causes that enhance the probability of potential fatality, amenability, and weakened immune system that exacerbates germ infection.59 Although noticed In women, patients with diabetes-mellitus developed pulmonary sarcoidosis and identified an unusually high rate of cardiovascular MRI.AfterCOVID-19.60,61 Female insulin-dependent diabetic patients recover from hospitalization after COVID-19. Eventually, they were found to be at higher imperilment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).62 In a woman with dipsogenic diabetes, acquired lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) effects were observed during post COVID-19.63

 

7. Impact of post covid-19 on women patient with neurodegenerative disorders:

In women, patients with neurodegenerative disorders have found mental illness, Alzheimer's, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and congenital abnormalities during post-COVID-19.64 Although observed enhanced levels of molecular markers in female patients after COVID-19, such as CSF-tau protein (t-tau, p-tau181), Plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ42), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and neurofilament light chain protein, are entirely linked to Alzheimer's disease.65,66. Whereas with alzheimer's disease, in the patient due to COVID-19, observed disturbances in mental abilities resulting in confused thinking and reduced awareness, as far as prolonged exposure.67 During the post COVID-19 period, some problems were observed related to neurocephalalgia, autonomic dysfunction, vertigo, altered taste, impairment in pulmonary regions, and brain ischemia.68 Patients with predominant hemorrhagic stroke were reported after COVID-19, which causes elevated D-dimer or heamostasis and a higher rate of Neill-Dingwall syndrome, eventually having a greater impact on morbidity or mortality.69 Women with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis CoV19 had an elevated level of neurodegenerative response. In the post COVID-19 phase, there is a higher risk of acute inflammatory demylinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), asthenia, abnormal skin sensations (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness), glossolabiolaryngeal paralysis, facial palsy, and dyssynergia.70


 

Figure 1 In short, complications arising after COVID-19 in female patients with pre-existing disease.

 


8. Impact of post covid-19 on women patient with arthritis disorders:

Among women with pre-existing arthritic diseases, higher rates of death and an elevated incidence of COVID-19 infection have been observed during the post COVID-19 pandemic.71 However, in the post COVID-19 phase, the development of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis was seen in middle-aged female patient.72,73 Osteochondral relatedness in women patients has been reported in the case of infection that can arise at any time during the progression of the condition, which can usually be noticed as unspecified joint stiffness or severe inflammation.74 and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), immunological impairment were observed in sufferers with rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19-positive.75,76 It has been found that rheumatoid disorder sufferers are more likely to experience mental anguish as a result of bipolar disorder, restlessness, tension, and psychiatric issues. All of these factors can adversely effect the prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. During the post-COVID-19 pandemic.77,78 In women with pre-existing antheritic rheumatoid disease, hypotonia and discomfort have been observed, as well as a higher rate of erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive peptide. after COVID-19.79 Furthermore, a higher rate of "Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis” (cDAPSA) was observed in spondylitis atrophica sufferers after COVID-19.80

 

9. Impact of post covid 19 on women patients with respiratory infections diseases:

COVID-19 and Tuberculosis both are mainly respiratory infections diseases. Which are led to severe disorders and both are life-threatening diseases. COVID-19 are affecting most TB patients and other risk factors related to respiratory.81 TB patients’ immune systems are very weak and most pathogens are easy to harm those patients because their fighting ability is too weak against bacteria and other viruses like Coronavirus.82 CD8+ and CD4+ (cluster of differentiation) T-cells response plays a major role in covid and TB patients.83 corticosteroid is given to treat the patients with TB and COVID-19.84 respiratory disease patients with COVID-19 indirectly suppression of ovarian hormones, which lead to maturation cycle changes like before or delay by the time, but after 12 weeks or more it recovered fast and come to normal maturation cycle in women of child-bearing age.85 female hormones Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) and Estradiol  (E2) are protected from respiratory infection, inflammatory and many other life-threatening diseases, the mortality of diseases are low as compared to males than females by the AAM and E2 hormones, they are playing an important role in the COVID-19, while lower AAM and E2 hormones level in the female patients lead to high mortality rate and cause severe illness to the body and more prone to inflammation, low immunity and high risk of respiratory disorder. after the post COVID-19 these complications are observed.86-89 most of the symptoms are increased in a respiratory disorder like long-term cough, severe fatigue and dyspnoea, and illness.90 TB-COVID-19 patients, immunosuppressor drugs are used in COVID-19 treatment, which leads to suppress the immune response in TB patients are having more consequences symptoms after post COVID-19 in expectant mother.91-95


 

Table 1: In the table shows, female patient with pre-existing disease causing complication factor during post COVID-19

S. No.

Female patient with pre-existing system complication

Pre-existing disease

Post-covid-19 complication

Age

Ref.

1.

Immune  system

Immune dysfunction

Th1/Th2 imbalance

≥60 year or older

Ma, Q., et al.,2021.

Increasing levels of interleukin-6 and cytokines

43-60

Macciò, A., S. Oppi, et al., 2021.

2.

Endocrine  system 

(diabetes mellitus)

Type 1 and  2 diabetes mellitus

Increase all level of counts : sCr, C-Reactive Protein, TN-I, WBCs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels, enzyme, electrolytes,  coagulation factor

≥40 year or older

Akter, F., et al., 2020.

Zhang, Y., et al., 2021.

3.

Central nervous system

(neurodegenerative disorder)

Alzheimer's

CSF-tau protein (t-tau, p-tau181), Plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ42), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1),

≥40 year or older

Sun, B., et al., 2021.

Frontera, J.A., et al., 2022.

Kumar, D., et al., 2021.

hemorrhagic stroke

D-dimer

 

4.

 

 

Autoimmune system

(Arthritis disorder)

antheritic rheumatoid

higher rate of erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive peptide.

43-60

 

Metyas, S., et al., 2022.

spondylitis atrophica

higher rate of "Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis” (cDAPSA)

≥40 year or older

Zhou, Q., et al., 2021.

5.

Respiratory system

Tuberculosis (TB)

lower AAM and E2 hormones level, suppression of ovarian hormones

≤60

Ding, T., et al., 2021.

Li, K., et al., 2021.

 


10. Complication after 6 month recovery covid-19:

It was reported in the study  that there were 143 patients, and of those, 53 female patients participated, and the following symptoms were found after recovery from COVID-19: cough, fever, breathlessness, muscle aches, joint pain, weariness, gastrointestinal complaints, and anosmia/dysgeusia.96 and reported that there were 538 COVID patients in the 3-month survey in which these symptoms were observed: fatigue or muscle weakness, sleep difficulties, anxiety or depression, higher stress levels, higher levels of depression and anxiety, physical decline, post-activity polypnea, and alopecia. These common symptoms were seen in women after 6 months‑. symptoms found in  post-COVID-19 studies include chest tightness, palpitations, difficulties focusing, and intestinal blockages.98 Among post-COVID-19 recovery patients, reported 20% with impaired respiratory functions and 24% with neurological issues.99 Another studied, 2581 COVID-19, involved patients both ambulatory and hospitalised. In the mild patient level, 1624 females (62.9%) had oflactory dysfunction greater than other moderate and severe COVID-19 levels.100 Such complications were observed in women.Cognition, dexterity, conversation, sight, or listening and other aspects of life are commonly affected by disabilities after recovery COVID-19.101

 

11. Miscellaneous complications after post covid-19 recovery:

First, other complications reports of peripheral nervous system dysfunction include encephalitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular consequences. After recovery, the 51-year-old female patient was determine with miller-fisher syndrome (MSF).102 Second, a 30-year-old African American woman had HIV along with nodular marginal zone lymphoma. After all got infected with COVID, some symptoms developed: fever, coughing, and shortness of breath lasting more than two weeks. Pneumonia was detected in these female patient after COVID.103 Third, after having COVID throughout the second half of pregnancy, found cerebral bleeding and periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants.104 In the longer COVID-19 phase, expectant mothers were more likely to have the following: miscarriage, toxemia, premature labour, and surgical birth.105 Forth, After recovery from acute COVID-19, some common symptoms such as shortness of breath, tiredness, and loss of senses while pulmonary damage was predominant affected.106 Fifth, in studies, reported that there were a total of 202 patients, of whom 105 were females, aged approximately 56, in whom impairment of olfactory function was observed in the long-term effect of COVID 19.107 and other studies, noticed 111 hospitalised patients, and females were present in greater numbers. However, these patients were not totally recovered after 6 to 8 months of COVID-19. Some complications were more common in females, including tiredness, colds, throat discomfort, and neuralgical problems.108

 

12. CONCLUSIONS:

During the post-COVID-19 outbreak in female patients, that was seen as low levels of estrogen causing immune dysfunction in elderly women, and psychological and physiological complication such as tiredness, respiratory failure, autonomic dysfunction, ageusia, alopecia, trachea discomfort, indigestion, irregular heartbeats, cough, dizziness, skin irritation, cognitive impairment, visual disorders, vocal difficulties, digestive issues, acute pain, decreasing focus. Women with pre-existing diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and neurodegenerative disorders that causes severe illness. The study concluded that after six months of recovery from COVID-19 complications, such as 20% with impaired respiratory functions and 24% with neurological issues, and observed in other case studies, female patients with complications after COVID-19 such as miller-fisher syndrome (MSF), pneumonia, impaired olfactory function, tiredness, colds, throat discomfort, and neurological problems.

 

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Received on 01.04.2022         Modified on 28.06.2022

Accepted on 02.09.2022      ©AandV Publications All right reserved

Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2023; 13(1):73-80.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2996.2023.00017