Author(s):
Thakur R, Shrestha M, Pokharel N, Rai G, Rijal DP
Email(s):
thakurroji16@gmail.com
DOI:
10.52711/2349-2996.2024.00058 
Address:
Thakur R, Shrestha M, Pokharel N, Rai G, Rijal DP
Department of Maternal Health Nursing, College of Nursing, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 14,
Issue - 4,
Year - 2024
ABSTRACT:
Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage. Most of the women wouldn’t attempt for normal delivery as labor pain is one of the most severe pain. So, midwives should use the pain relief model in which women are given various pain-relieving options. Objective: To assess the effect of ice pack application on pain intensity among women in the active phase of labor. Methodology: An experimental study was conducted at Labor room of BPKIHS, Dharan including 50 primiparous women selected by consecutive sampling technique who had completed 37weeks of gestation in the age group between 20 to 35years. Simple randomization was done with 25 samples in each group. Women in experimental group received ice pack application covered with single layer of cotton cloth on the sacrum for 10mins in every 30minutes interval for 1hour or until delivery. Data was collected via self-report using Numeric pain scale. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA) were used to analyze data. Result: The mean age of the respondents was 22.84±2.897 in the experimental group and 24.96±4.550 in the control group. There was a significant difference between pain intensity in both the groups 1hour and 2hours after intervention at p-value 0.013, 0.045 respectively. There was no significant difference between pain intensity in both the groups before intervention, immediately and 30mins after intervention at p-value 0.614, 0.236, 0.630 respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed the effectiveness of ice pack application in reducing pain during active stage of labor.
Cite this article:
Thakur R, Shrestha M, Pokharel N, Rai G, Rijal DP. Effect of Ice Pack Application on Pain Intensity among women in the Active Phase of Labor in BPKIHS. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2024;14(4):299-5. doi: 10.52711/2349-2996.2024.00058
Cite(Electronic):
Thakur R, Shrestha M, Pokharel N, Rai G, Rijal DP. Effect of Ice Pack Application on Pain Intensity among women in the Active Phase of Labor in BPKIHS. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2024;14(4):299-5. doi: 10.52711/2349-2996.2024.00058 Available on: https://ajner.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2024-14-4-9
REFERENCES:
1. A human body can bear only up to 45DEL of pain. A mother feels up to 57 DEL of pain at time of giving birth which is equal to 20 bones getting fractured at a time. - Bing [Internet]. [cited 2021 Sep 30].
2. IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain - International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 8].
3. NM B, K B, P B, HA A. Women’s experience of pain during childbirth. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res [Internet]. 2010 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Sep 30];15(2):77–82.
4. Marshall J, Raynor M. Myles Textbook for Midwives. 16th ed. China: Elsevier; 2015. p. 55–80
5. Thomson G, Feeley C, Moran VH, Downe S, Oladapo OT. Women’s experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods for labour and childbirth: A qualitative systematic review. Reprod Health [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 10];16(1): 1-20
6. Pilewska-Kozak et al. Non-Pharmacological Methods of Pain Relief in Labor in the Opinion of Puerperae. Annals of Women's Health [Internet]. 2017 Sep 21 [cited 2023 Jan 10]; 1 (1): 1-4.
7. Pietrzak J, M˛ Edrzycka-D ˛ Abrowska W, Tomaszek L, Grzybowska ME. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Labor Pain Control and Women’s Satisfaction. Res Public Heal [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 9];19 (6):17-41.
8. Mardliyana NE, Raden A, EN UH. Effect of ice gel compress towards labor pain during Active Phase Stage I at private midwivery clinics in Surabaya City area. Maj Obstet Ginekol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 30];25(1):21-25.
9. Rahimi-Kian F, Shahbazi S, Mohammadi S, Haghani S, Rahimikian F, Shahbazi S, et al. The effects of ice pack application on pain intensity in the active phase of labor and on birth satisfaction among primiparous women. Nurs Pract Today [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 30];5(3):355–362.
10. N V der G, K L. Women’s experiences of coping with pain during childbirth: a critical review of qualitative research. Midwifery [Internet]. 2015 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Oct 5];31(3):349–358.
11. Junge C, von Soest T, Weidner K, Seidler A, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S. Labor pain in women with and without severe fear of childbirth: A population-based, longitudinal study. Birth [Internet]. 2018;45(4):469–477.
12. Chaillet N, Belaid L, Crochetière C, Roy L, Gagné GP, Moutquin JM, et al. Nonpharmacologic Approaches for Pain Management During Labor Compared with Usual Care: A Meta-Analysis. Birth [Internet]. 2014 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Oct 5];41(2):122–137.
13. Jenila S. A Study to Assess the Effect of Hot Application Versus Ice Application during First Stage of Labour in Reduction of Labour Pain among Primi Mothers in Selected Hospitals at Kanyakumari District. 2011 [cited 2021 Sep 30].
14. Al-Battawi JI, Mahmoud NM, Essa RM. Effect of ice pack application on pain intensity during active phase of the first stage of labor among primiparaous. J Nurs Educ Pract [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Sep 30];8(2):35-39.
15. Sugandary M, Dash M, Chitra AF. Effectiveness of intermittent heat and cold application on labour pain and duration of labour among the intranatal mothers. J. Public Health Dis. [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 30];1(2):49–55.
16. Mahmoud R, Ghani A. Effect of Heat and Cold Therapy during the First Stage of Labor on Women Perception of Birth Experience: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 16]; 4 (26): 66-90.
17. Yazdkhasti M, Hanjani SM, Tourzani ZM. The effect of localized heat and cold therapy on pain intensity, duration of phases of labor, and birth outcomes among primiparous females: A randomized, controlled trial. Shiraz E Med J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 30];19(8): 1-8.
18. Didevar M, Navvabi-Rigi SD, Dadkhah S. The effectiveness of heat therapy and cold therapy in labor pain intensity in primiparous women: A randomized controlled trial. Nurs Midwifery Stud [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10];11(3):171–176.
19. Yildirim E. The effect of cold application to the sacral area on labor pain and labor process : A randomized controlled trial. ADYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10];8(2):96–105.
20. Nehbandani S, Koochakzaei M, Keikhaie F, Jahantigh F. Comparison of the Effect of Hot and Cold Massage at Spleen 6 on Pain Relief During Active Labor Phase: A Clinical Trial. Med - Surg Nurs J [Internet] [cited 2023 Jan 10]. 2019;8(3):3–9.
21. Royhanaty Isy, Lestari Sri Puji, Nurlaeli J. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Warm Belt and. J Ilmu dan Teknol Kesehat STIKES Widya Husada [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10];13(1):1–6.
22. Sahaya MA, KalaBarathi S. Effectiveness of Cold Pack Application on Reduction of Pain Perception during Active Phase of Labour among Parturient Mothers. Cardiometry [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10];(23):161–166.
23. Hidayatin N, Dwi A A, Prawitasari E. The Effect of a Cold Compress on Pain During the First Stage of Childbirth at BPM. J Ners [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 10];15(1Sp):473–475.
24. Shirvani MA, Ganji Z. The influence of cold pack on labour pain relief and birth outcomes: A randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 30];23(17–18):73–80.
25. Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) [Internet]. 2011 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Nov 9];63(S11):240–252.
26. Carvalho B, Cohen SE. Measuring the labor pain experience: Delivery still far off. Int J Obstet Anesth [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 Sep 30];22(1):6–9.
27. Wei CK, Leng CY, Siew Lin SK. The use of the Visual Analogue Scale for the assessment of labour pain: a systematic review. JBI Libr Syst Rev [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 Sep 30];8(24):972–1015.
28. Abdallah S H EL, Abd A A A N. Effect of Localized Warm versus Cold Compresses on Pain Severity during First Stage of Labor among Primiparous. IOSR-JNHS [Internet]. May-June 2019 [cited 2022 Jun 25];8 (3):14–24.
29. Hanjani SM, Tourzani ZM, Tajvidi M, Baheri B, Asl MPL. Effect of localized cold treatment modality on pain intensity during labor in primiparous women. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil [Internet]. 2018 Jul 1 [cited 2021 Sep 30];21(5):14–21.
30. Lavanya S. Effectiveness of Icepack Application on Reduction of Labour Pain Among Primi Gravid Women During First Stage of Labour Admitted in MGMCRI. Int J Obstet Perinat Neonatal Nurs [Internet]. 2017 Sep 13 [cited 2022 Jun 25];3(2):1–5.
31. Dinmohammadi M, Jalali A, Peyrovi H. Comparison of Separate and Intermittent Heat and Cold Therapy in Labour Pain Management. Nurs Pract Today [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Sep 30];3(1):31–9.
32. Crabbe PJ. To assess the Effectiveness of Ice Pack Massage on Labour Pain Perception during First Stage of Labour among Primi Gravid Mothers admitted at Labour Ward, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. Apr 2012 [cited 2021 Sep 30].
33. Nadu T. A Study to assess the Effect of Hot Application during First Stage of Labor Pain among Primi Mothers in Slelected Hospitals at anyakumari District. Apr 2011 [cited 2023 Apr 15].